While this still holds true, a closer look at the movies and the era reveals a much more nuanced picture. The consensus among the literature is that a conservative backlash (spurred on by Ronald Reagan’s two terms in office) against a resurgent equality movement gave rise to hypermasculine movies like First Blood and Predator and hypermasculine stars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone. Rippey, Advisor ABSTRACT While popular movies are often overlooked in film studies, the action-adventure genre in the 1980s has drawn considerable academic attention. In its second life, Muscle Beach gradually sidelined female weightlifters and glorified the heterosexuality of male bodybuilders, thus reinforcing traditional gender norms and leading to wider acceptance of the male muscular physique by the 1980s. While the Muscle Beach athletes successfully distanced themselves from the taint of homosexuality by associating muscles with heterosexual glamour, the 1958 scandal reversed this trend and reinforced the stigma attached to muscles. The legitimization of visible muscularity was not a simple process. The Muscle Beach phenomenon illuminates the changing meaning of muscles in America, from the conflation of muscu-larity with homosexuality in the 1950s to the triumph of " hard bodies " in the 1980s. In the following decades a new " Muscle Beach " arose in countercultural Venice.
In 1958, in the aftermath of a sex crime panic, the site was closed.
In the 1940s and 1950s, at Santa Monica's Muscle Beach, male and female acrobats and bodybuilders performed stunts and displayed muscular physiques.
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